The developments of technology and science make a very significant impact to the human ability to process and result an image. Nowadays people have been able to produce a camera as a tool to capture images either stationary or moving and print them quickly into a particular field. Today, the use of sophisticated cameras have evolved in a variety of human activities. Not only to process the image that are visible to the eye, but also other objects that are not able to be seen by the human senses. Cameras that used for astronomy field for example. By using a camera with a certain specification people could observe celestial objects without make a contact to them. Another examples, cameras often use for microbiology field. People may use cameras to observe the very small creatures. People will not be able to use their own eyes to observes such creatures, but they could use many advantages of the camera to do that. Sophisticated cameras as widely used today are not just appear, they have been created and then always be developed and modified from time to time.
Before the camera was found with today’s technology or even before they knew the camera, people has been trying to find the way so that they are able to capture images that can be seen with the eye using a particular tool. The idea proposed by Aristoteles that introduces a Pinhole technology in 336 BC. Aristoteles said that the light that passes through a small hole will form an impression or image. Pinhole is actually not a new concept, as in the previous year which is about 500 BC, a philosopher Mo Ti of China have argued about this concept. He watched the sun coming through a small hole into a dark room reflected on a particular object can reflect circumstances beyond the shadow of the rooms in reverse. This method is then used as the basic principles to develop the technology of photographic.
Approximately at 10th century the Pinhole concept introduced by Aristoteles later developed by Iraqi scientists Haitan Ibnu with his pupil Kamal Ad-Din. They show the performance of the appliance to the public in the dark tents. People who see the show is very impressed and entertained. Eventually the writings about it was rising, although there is no term that is in use to that concept.
A century later a camera was found by adopting the Pinhole concept of Aristoteles called the Obscura Camera. Obscura come from Latin meaning the dark space. The camera is shaped a special room consists of two convex lenses in which the light was reflected. Obscura Camera was first discovered by a Muslim scientist named Alhazen between 965-1039 AD. Since then the scientists arab preoccupied with the uses of cameras.
Obscura Camera does not stop to develop. Research was done by scientist from all over the world. Finally in 1267, Obscura Camera enhanced by Roger Bacon. He added a few mirrors to reflect the light coming through the hole. The results of the reflection create a projection image outside the camera. Projection that are brought by the light is called optical illusion. An Italian mathematician, Gerolomo Cardano, interested in the development undertaken by Roger Bacon. So approximately at the years of 1501-1576 he has developed technology called Orbem e Vitro, which was later named as the ancestor of camera lens. This technology uses two convex mirror that serves as a lens, so the light that goes through got twice reflections. The lens has a very important role in a camera. Without lens the camera will not be able to take pictures. The task of lens is to take light from the subject into focus so that it can produce a good picture.
About a century after the camera’s ancestors was discovered. An English scientist named Robert Boyle and his assistant Robert Hooke found a portable camera obscura (can be moved) around the 1660s. Then in 1685, their invention is enhanced by Johann Zahn. The camera is quite simple and small enough to be used in the field of photography. These cameras often used in the classical movie. This camera use exploding flash lights and smoke. This new invention were the new era of camera which is public began be acquainted with it.
At the end of 16th century, an Italian scientist and a writer named Giovanni Battista della Porta developed the Obscura Camera. He did an experiment by using a simple lens to sharpen the shadow projections that goes through the hole. Although the results are still poor in quality, but this experiment started the using of lens to develop the obscura camera. In the 17th century, experts argue that not all kind of lenses can be used on the Obscura Camera. Then people started to produces convex lens that make images clearer and sharper. At that time the Obscura camera already shaped a box that is easy to carry and movable. People who contributed to improve the Obscura Camera is Jacques Daguerre in 1837. At that time he found a plate that is placed in the Obscura Camera that directly absorb reflection of the projected image. Daguerre's printing technique is then called daguerreotype. However, the disadvantage of this print technique can only be as much as one time print images. This technique is then sold to the French government in 1839. This picture printing technique later became dispersed throughout Europe and America.
By adopting the techniques of Jacques Daguerre, a new technology was successfully created by William Fox Talbot of England called Calotype in 1884. This new technology could increase the photo printing by negative film. Although the print is not as good as Daguerre photo, but he was able to results more photos then Daguerreotype. This process is called photography and later was recognized as the inspiration for the modern photograph.
After Daguerre and William Talbot, in 1852 Frederick Scott Archer invented a new technique to produce images more quickly which is called Collodion. This technique is capable producing images in just 3 seconds. The workings of this technique is to print the image on the plate while the film was still wet. Then in 1871, Richard Maddox found gelatin, a substance used for printing photos. This material replaces glass photographic plate. With this invented, the image can be printed more and better quality. At this time, camera is smaller and simple or easy to carry. This is the beginning of the mass film production.
Although the camera that was invented by Richard Maddox is small enough it is a little bit complicated and poorly understood by the general public. So that in 1888 the portable Kodak camera introduced by Eastman to the public. Eastman wish that everyone can enjoy the camera and use it as a tool for generating images. This tool is more compact and simpler than previous photographic equipment. This tool can be used by everyone, because it is easy to use.
The 20th century was a period where the camera has developed very remarkable. Various discoveries and modification of cameras and photographic techniques are growing rapidly. In 1924, Leitz Camera was introduced by Leica wich is smaller and simpler in use. This camera became journalists standard in the future. Breakthrough on the form and new technologies of the camera re-occur. For the first time a camera can print photos by it self. This camera is called Land Camera taken by the name of its creator Dr. Edwin Land. Unlike the common camera that uses roll film, this camera uses a special film called Polaroid. The film allows the camera to print photos a few seconds after the shooting. Later the camera is well known by the name of Polaroid.
The first digital camera was created by Steven Sasson, the Kodak engineer. It’s weighs about 3.6 pounds and is only able to produce black and white photographs. This camera does not answer the needs of NASA, but it’s became the beginning era of digital camera technology. Although this digital technology is not perfect yet Sony recorded as the first marketer through product Mavica. Some people judge, this camera is just a modification of a video camera. The technology of camera then evolved again with the invention of Philips and Sony in 1979. They managed to find a video camera that is not only used to record images but also it’s sound. In addition they also introduced video cassette as a recorder. Do not want to left behind of sony and Philips, in 1986 Kodak managed to find photographic technology without the film, through a sensor in the camera that can record 1.4 million picture elements. Recording capability is then referred to as megapixles. Then in 1990, Kodak introduced the first digital camera in the world.
The next era of rolls of film or analog camera is fading and instead emerging of digital camera. This digital camera even installed into mobile phones as one of the excellent features. By using digital camera people does not need to close their eyes to focus on the small hole located on the back of the camera such as when using analog cameras. It’s replace by small screen that serves to see the object that will be in portrait. Nowadays digital cameras can use to take photo and also to record images in a video format.
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